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Kidney stained with Anti-KIM-1(HAVCr-1)
KIM-1(kidney injury molecule 1), also known as HAVcr-1 (Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1), is a transmembrane glycoprotein that contributes to immune modulation, allergic response and viral disease susceptibility. KIM-1 has wide tissue distribution, and is localized on the apical membrane. While KIM-1 protein expression is generally undetectable in the normal kidney, high levels were observed in the proximal tubules in the post-ischemic kidney, suggesting its utility as a dedifferentiation marker for early indication of epithelial response to injury. A considerable number of studies demonstrated KIM-1 mRNA and protein regulation following acute nephrotoxicity. Consequently, this biomarker was qualified by the FDA as an acceptable biomarker in detecting acute drug-induced nephrotoxicity in rats during preclinical drug development. KIM-1 has also been extensively evaluated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. Overexpression of KIM-1 was observed in over 90% of clear cell RCC and 82% of primary RCC. Compared to normal kidney, expression is reduced in benign oncocytomas. Additionally, KIM-1 was also detected in lymph nodes to which tumors have metastasized. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that clear cell and papillary RCC are derived from proximal tubular cells while oncocytomas are of the distal nephron. Recently, KIM-1was also found overexpressed in ovarian clear cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer.
KIM-1(kidney injury molecule 1), also known as HAVcr-1 (Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1), is a transmembrane glycoprotein that contributes to immune modulation, allergic response and viral disease susceptibility. KIM-1 has wide tissue distribution, and is localized on the apical membrane. While KIM-1 protein expression is generally undetectable in the normal kidney, high levels were observed in the proximal tubules in the post-ischemic kidney, suggesting its utility as a dedifferentiation marker for early indication of epithelial response to injury. A considerable number of studies demonstrated KIM-1 mRNA and protein regulation following acute nephrotoxicity. Consequently, this biomarker was qualified by the FDA as an acceptable biomarker in detecting acute drug-induced nephrotoxicity in rats during preclinical drug development. KIM-1 has also been extensively evaluated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. Overexpression of KIM-1 was observed in over 90% of clear cell RCC and 82% of primary RCC. Compared to normal kidney, expression is reduced in benign oncocytomas. Additionally, KIM-1 was also detected in lymph nodes to which tumors have metastasized. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that clear cell and papillary RCC are derived from proximal tubular cells while oncocytomas are of the distal nephron. Recently, KIM-1was also found overexpressed in ovarian clear cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer.
